"In addition to pain intensity, we recommend that clinicians should consider assessing the multidimensional nature of CLBP by including physical (disability, muscular strength and endurance, performance in activities of daily living and body composition), psychological (kinesiophobia, fear-avoidance, pain catastrophizing, pain self-efficacy, depression, anxiety and sleep quality), social (social functioning and work absenteeism) and health-related quality of life measures, depending on what is deemed relevant for each individual. This review also provides practical recommendations to clinicians for the assessment of outcomes beyond pain intensity, including information on how large a change must be for it to be considered 'real' in an individual patient. This information can guide treatment selection when working with an individual with CLBP."
Domains of chronic low back pain and assessing treatment effectiveness: A clinical perspective.
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