"Immediate neuromuscular adaptations when walking with foot orthoses appear to reduce neural drive to the deep intrinsic muscles in the forefoot (AddH, FDI), particularly during key periods of the gait cycle where they typically demonstrate peaks of activity. This may affect the capacity of these muscles to contribute to forefoot stiffness and aid propulsion in terminal stance. Greater AbdH activity at toe-off may reflect muscle length changes when walking with foot orthoses and subsequent need to increase neural drive for the same force generation or may represent a compensatory strategy to assist first metatarsophalangeal joint stability for propulsion. Further research is required to determine whether the same patterns are observed in people with lower limb pain or injury."
Foot orthoses induce immediate changes in intrinsic foot muscle EMG activity during walking
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