Hippocampal plasticity underpins long-term cognitive gains from resistance exercise in MCI Progressive resistance exercise leads to long-term cognitive benefits in MCI. •Resistance exercise slows post-training CA1, subiculum and dentate atrophy. •Within-training preservation of PCC predicts long-term hippocampal preservation. •Neuroprotection of AD-vulnerable hippocampal subfields mediate long-term cognition. •Long-term neuroprotection is not mediated by post-training fitness adaptations.
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