Neurotransmitter systems involved in placebo and nocebo effects in healthy participants and patients with chronic pain
"In healthy participants, the endogenous opioid, endocannabinoid and vasopressinergic systems were involved in placebo effects, whereas findings on the dopaminergic and oxytocinergic systems were mixed. In patients with chronic pain, only four studies investigated neurotransmitters showing no involvement of the endogenous opioid system and mixed findings regarding the dopaminergic system. As to nocebo effects, two studies suggest that the CCKergic system is involved in nocebo effects in healthy participants."
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